Testing Quantum Models of Conjunction Fallacy on the World Wide Web

The 'conjunction fallacy' has been extensively debated by scholars in cognitive science and, in recent times, the discussion has been enriched by the proposal of modeling the fallacy using the quantum formalism. Two major quantum approaches have been put forward: the first assumes that respondents use a two-step sequential reasoning and that the fallacy results from the presence of 'question order effects'; the second assumes that respondents evaluate the cognitive situation as a whole and that the fallacy results from the émergence of new meanings', as an éffect of overextension' in the conceptual conjunction. Thus, the question arises as to determine whether and to what extent conjunction fallacies would result from órder effects' or, instead, from émergence effects'. To help clarify this situation, we propose to use the World Wide Web as an ínformation space' that can be interrogated both in a sequential and non-sequential way, to test these two quantum approaches. We find that émergence effects', and not órder effects', should be considered the main cognitive mechanism producing the observed conjunction fallacies.