We describe an "embarrassingly parallel" method for Bayesian phylogenetic inference, annealed Sequential Monte Carlo, based on recent advances in the Sequential Monte Carlo literature such as adaptive determination of annealing parameters. The algorithm provides an approximate posterior distribution over trees and evolutionary parameters as well as an unbiased estimator for the marginal likelihood. This unbiasedness property can be used for the purpose of testing the correctness of posterior simulation software. We evaluate the performance of phylogenetic annealed Sequential Monte Carlo by reviewing and comparing with other computational Bayesian phylogenetic methods, in particular, different marginal likelihood estimation methods. Unlike previous Sequential Monte Carlo methods in phylogenetics, our annealed method can utilize standard Markov chain Monte Carlo tree moves and hence benefit from the large inventory of such moves available in the literature. Consequently, the annealed Sequential Monte Carlo method should be relatively easy to incorporate into existing phylogenetic software packages based on Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithms. We illustrate our method using simulation studies and real data analysis.
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