Machine learning models are now widely deployed in real-world applications. However, the existence of adversarial examples has been long considered a real threat to such models. While numerous defenses aiming to improve the robustness have been proposed, many have been shown ineffective. As these vulnerabilities are still nowhere near being eliminated, we propose an alternative deployment-based defense paradigm that goes beyond the traditional white-box and black-box threat models. Instead of training a single partially-robust model, one could train a set of same-functionality, yet, adversarially-disjoint models with minimal in-between attack transferability. These models could then be randomly and individually deployed, such that accessing one of them minimally affects the others. Our experiments on CIFAR-10 and a wide range of attacks show that we achieve a significantly lower attack transferability across our disjoint models compared to a baseline of ensemble diversity. In addition, compared to an adversarially trained set, we achieve a higher average robust accuracy while maintaining the accuracy of clean examples.
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