Revisiting Time, Clocks, and Synchronization

Sub-nanosecond precision clock synchronization over the packet network has been achieved by the White Rabbit protocol for a decade. However, few computer systems utilize such a technique. We try to attract more interest in the clock synchronization problem. We first introduce the basics of clock and synchronization in the time and frequency discipline. Then we revisit several related works, such as Google's Spanner, Huygens, FARMv2, DTP, and Sundial, explain why these works could be improved. Finally, we briefly discuss an independent time network approach towards low-cost and high-precision synchronization.