This paper reviews the state of the art in visual privacy protection techniques, with particular attention paid to techniques applicable to the field of active and assisted living (AAL). A novel taxonomy with which state-of-the-art visual privacy protection methods can be classified is introduced. Perceptual obfuscation methods, a category in the taxonomy, is highlighted. These are a category of visual privacy preservation techniques particularly relevant when considering scenarios that come under video-based AAL monitoring. Obfuscation against machine learning models is also explored. A high-level classification scheme of the different levels of privacy by design is connected to the proposed taxonomy of visual privacy preservation techniques. Finally, we note open questions that exist in the field and introduce the reader to some exciting avenues for future research in the area of visual privacy.
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