Most adversarial attacks and defenses focus on perturbations within small -norm constraints. However, threat models cannot capture all relevant semantics-preserving perturbations, and hence, the scope of robustness evaluations is limited. In this work, we introduce Score-Based Adversarial Generation (ScoreAG), a novel framework that leverages the advancements in score-based generative models to generate unrestricted adversarial examples that overcome the limitations of -norm constraints. Unlike traditional methods, ScoreAG maintains the core semantics of images while generating adversarial examples, either by transforming existing images or synthesizing new ones entirely from scratch. We further exploit the generative capability of ScoreAG to purify images, empirically enhancing the robustness of classifiers. Our extensive empirical evaluation demonstrates that ScoreAG improves upon the majority of state-of-the-art attacks and defenses across multiple benchmarks. This work highlights the importance of investigating adversarial examples bounded by semantics rather than -norm constraints. ScoreAG represents an important step towards more encompassing robustness assessments.
View on arXiv@article{kollovieh2025_2310.04285,
title={ Assessing Robustness via Score-Based Adversarial Image Generation },
author={ Marcel Kollovieh and Lukas Gosch and Marten Lienen and Yan Scholten and Leo Schwinn and Stephan Günnemann },
journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2310.04285},
year={ 2025 }
}