NavMarkAR: A Landmark-based Augmented Reality (AR) Wayfinding System for Enhancing Spatial Learning of Older Adults

Wayfinding in complex indoor environments is often challenging for older adults due to declines in navigational and spatial-cognition abilities. This paper introduces NavMarkAR, an augmented reality navigation system designed for smart-glasses to provide landmark-based guidance, aiming to enhance older adults' spatial navigation skills. This work addresses a significant gap in design research, with limited prior studies evaluating cognitive impacts of AR navigation systems. An initial usability test involved 6 participants, leading to prototype refinements, followed by a comprehensive study with 32 participants in a university setting. Results indicate improved wayfinding efficiency and cognitive map accuracy when using NavMarkAR. Future research will explore long-term cognitive skill retention with such navigational aids.