One of the bottlenecks of automated driving technologies is safe and socially acceptable interactions with human-driven vehicles, for example during merging. Driver models that provide accurate predictions of joint and individual driver behaviour of high-level decisions, safety margins, and low-level control inputs are required to improve the interactive capabilities of automated driving. Existing driver models typically focus on one of these aspects. Unified models capturing all aspects are missing which hinders understanding of the principles that govern human traffic interactions. This in turn limits the ability of automated vehicles to resolve merging interactions. Here, we present a communication-enabled interaction model based on risk perception with the potential to capture merging interactions on all three levels. Our model accurately describes human behaviour in a simplified merging scenario, addressing both individual actions (such as velocity adjustments) and joint actions (such as the order of merging). Contrary to other interaction models, our model does not assume humans are rational and explicitly accounts for communication between drivers. Our results demonstrate that communication and risk-based decision-making explain observed human interactions on multiple levels. This explanation improves our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of human traffic interactions and poses a step towards interaction-aware automated driving.
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