Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) enhances the outputs of language models by integrating relevant information retrieved from external knowledge sources. However, when the retrieval process involves private data, RAG systems may face severe privacy risks, potentially leading to the leakage of sensitive information. To address this issue, we propose using synthetic data as a privacy-preserving alternative for the retrieval data. We propose SAGE, a novel two-stage synthetic data generation paradigm. In the stage-1, we employ an attribute-based extraction and generation approach to preserve key contextual information from the original data. In the stage-2, we further enhance the privacy properties of the synthetic data through an agent-based iterative refinement process. Extensive experiments demonstrate that using our synthetic data as the retrieval context achieves comparable performance to using the original data while substantially reducing privacy risks. Our work takes the first step towards investigating the possibility of generating high-utility and privacy-preserving synthetic data for RAG, opening up new opportunities for the safe application of RAG systems in various domains.
View on arXiv@article{zeng2025_2406.14773,
title={ Mitigating the Privacy Issues in Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) via Pure Synthetic Data },
author={ Shenglai Zeng and Jiankun Zhang and Pengfei He and Jie Ren and Tianqi Zheng and Hanqing Lu and Han Xu and Hui Liu and Yue Xing and Jiliang Tang },
journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2406.14773},
year={ 2025 }
}