A Practical Review of Mechanistic Interpretability for Transformer-Based Language Models

Mechanistic interpretability (MI) is an emerging sub-field of interpretability that seeks to understand a neural network model by reverse-engineering its internal computations. Recently, MI has garnered significant attention for interpreting transformer-based language models (LMs), resulting in many novel insights yet introducing new challenges. However, there has not been work that comprehensively reviews these insights and challenges, particularly as a guide for newcomers to this field. To fill this gap, we provide a comprehensive survey from a task-centric perspective, organizing the taxonomy of MI research around specific research questions or tasks. We outline the fundamental objects of study in MI, along with the techniques, evaluation methods, and key findings for each task in the taxonomy. In particular, we present a task-centric taxonomy as a roadmap for beginners to navigate the field by helping them quickly identify impactful problems in which they are most interested and leverage MI for their benefit. Finally, we discuss the current gaps in the field and suggest potential future directions for MI research.

@article{rai2025_2407.02646,
  title={ A Practical Review of Mechanistic Interpretability for Transformer-Based Language Models },
  author={ Daking Rai and Yilun Zhou and Shi Feng and Abulhair Saparov and Ziyu Yao },
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2407.02646},
  year={ 2025 }
}