Focalization, the perspective through which narrative is presented, is encoded via a wide range of lexico-grammatical features and is subject to reader interpretation. Even trained annotators frequently disagree on correct labels, suggesting this task is both qualitatively and computationally challenging. In this work, we test how well five contemporary large language model (LLM) families and two baselines perform when annotating short literary excerpts for focalization. Despite the challenging nature of the task, we find that LLMs show comparable performance to trained human annotators, with GPT-4o achieving an average F1 of 84.79%. Further, we demonstrate that the log probabilities output by GPT-family models frequently reflect the difficulty of annotating particular excerpts. Finally, we provide a case study analyzing sixteen Stephen King novels, demonstrating the usefulness of this approach for computational literary studies and the insights gleaned from examining focalization at scale.
View on arXiv@article{hicke2025_2409.11390,
title={ Says Who? Effective Zero-Shot Annotation of Focalization },
author={ Rebecca M. M. Hicke and Yuri Bizzoni and Pascale Feldkamp and Ross Deans Kristensen-McLachlan },
journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2409.11390},
year={ 2025 }
}