Danoliteracy of Generative Large Language Models

The language technology moonshot moment of Generative Large Language Models (GLLMs) was not limited to English: These models brought a surge of technological applications, investments, and hype to low-resource languages as well. However, the capabilities of these models in languages such as Danish were, until recently, difficult to verify beyond qualitative demonstrations due to a lack of applicable evaluation corpora. We present a GLLM benchmark to evaluate \emph{Danoliteracy}, a measure of Danish language and cultural competency across eight diverse scenarios such as Danish citizenship tests and abstractive social media question answering. This limited-size benchmark was found to produce a robust ranking that correlates to human feedback at $\rho \sim 0.8$ with GPT-4 and Claude Opus models achieving the highest rankings. Analyzing these model results across scenarios, we find one strong underlying factor explaining $95\%$ of scenario performance variance for GLLMs in Danish, suggesting a $g$ factor of model consistency in language adaptation.

@article{holm2025_2410.22839,
  title={ Danoliteracy of Generative Large Language Models },
  author={ Søren Vejlgaard Holm and Lars Kai Hansen and Martin Carsten Nielsen },
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2410.22839},
  year={ 2025 }
}