Principles and Components of Federated Learning Architectures

Federated Learning (FL) is a machine learning framework where multiple clients, from mobiles to enterprises, collaboratively construct a model under the orchestration of a central server but still retain the decentralized nature of the training data. This decentralized training of models offers numerous advantages, including cost savings, enhanced privacy, improved security, and compliance with legal requirements. However, for all its apparent advantages, FL is not immune to the limitations of conventional machine learning methodologies. This article provides an elaborate explanation of the inherent concepts and features found within federated learning architecture, addressing five key domains: system heterogeneity, data partitioning, machine learning models, communication protocols, and privacy techniques. This article also highlights the limitations in this domain and proposes avenues for future work. Besides, we provide a set of architectural patterns for federated learning systems, which are derived from the systematic survey of the literature. The main elements of FL, the fundamentals of Federated Learning, and a few architectural specifics will all be better understood with the aid of this research.

@article{nasim2025_2502.05273,
  title={ Principles and Components of Federated Learning Architectures },
  author={ MD Abdullah Al Nasim and Fatema Tuj Johura Soshi and Parag Biswas and A.S.M Anas Ferdous and Abdur Rashid and Angona Biswas and Kishor Datta Gupta },
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2502.05273},
  year={ 2025 }
}