EfficientLLM: Scalable Pruning-Aware Pretraining for Architecture-Agnostic Edge Language Models

Modern large language models (LLMs) driven by scaling laws, achieve intelligence emergency in large model sizes. Recently, the increasing concerns about cloud costs, latency, and privacy make it an urgent requirement to develop compact edge language models. Distinguished from direct pretraining that bounded by the scaling law, this work proposes the pruning-aware pretraining, focusing on retaining performance of much larger optimized models. It features following characteristics: 1) Data-scalable: we introduce minimal parameter groups in LLM and continuously optimize structural pruning, extending post-training pruning methods like LLM-Pruner and SparseGPT into the pretraining phase. 2) Architecture-agnostic: the LLM architecture is auto-designed using saliency-driven pruning, which is the first time to exceed SoTA human-designed LLMs in modern pretraining. We reveal that it achieves top-quality edge language models, termed EfficientLLM, by scaling up LLM compression and extending its boundary. EfficientLLM significantly outperforms SoTA baselines with $100M \sim 1B$ parameters, such as MobileLLM, SmolLM, Qwen2.5-0.5B, OLMo-1B, Llama3.2-1B in common sense benchmarks. As the first attempt, EfficientLLM bridges the performance gap between traditional LLM compression and direct pretraining methods, and we will fully open source atthis https URL.

@article{xing2025_2502.06663,
  title={ EfficientLLM: Scalable Pruning-Aware Pretraining for Architecture-Agnostic Edge Language Models },
  author={ Xingrun Xing and Zheng Liu and Shitao Xiao and Boyan Gao and Yiming Liang and Wanpeng Zhang and Haokun Lin and Guoqi Li and Jiajun Zhang },
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2502.06663},
  year={ 2025 }
}