Current Large Language Models (LLMs) benchmarks are often based on open-ended or close-ended QA evaluations, avoiding the requirement of human labor. Close-ended measurements evaluate the factuality of responses but lack expressiveness. Open-ended capture the model's capacity to produce discourse responses but are harder to assess for correctness. These two approaches are commonly used, either independently or together, though their relationship remains poorly understood. This work is focused on the healthcare domain, where both factuality and discourse matter greatly. It introduces a comprehensive, multi-axis suite for healthcare LLM evaluation, exploring correlations between open and close benchmarks and metrics. Findings include blind spots and overlaps in current methodologies. As an updated sanity check, we release a new medical benchmark--CareQA--, with both open and closed variants. Finally, we propose a novel metric for open-ended evaluations --Relaxed Perplexity-- to mitigate the identified limitations.
View on arXiv@article{arias-duart2025_2502.06666,
title={ Automatic Evaluation of Healthcare LLMs Beyond Question-Answering },
author={ Anna Arias-Duart and Pablo Agustin Martin-Torres and Daniel Hinjos and Pablo Bernabeu-Perez and Lucia Urcelay Ganzabal and Marta Gonzalez Mallo and Ashwin Kumar Gururajan and Enrique Lopez-Cuena and Sergio Alvarez-Napagao and Dario Garcia-Gasulla },
journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2502.06666},
year={ 2025 }
}