This study introduces and compares the Hankel dynamic mode decomposition with control (Hankel-DMDc) and a novel Bayesian extension of Hankel-DMDc as model-free (i.e., data-driven and equation-free) approaches for system identification and prediction of free-running ship motions in irregular waves. The proposed DMDc methods create a reduced-order model using limited data from the system state and incoming wave elevation histories, with the latter and rudder angle serving as forcing inputs. The inclusion of delayed states of the system as additional dimensions per the Hankel-DMDc improves the representation of the underlying non-linear dynamics of the system by DMD. The approaches are statistically assessed using data from free-running simulations of a 5415M hull's course-keeping in irregular beam-quartering waves at sea state 7, a highly severe condition characterized by nonlinear responses near roll-resonance. The results demonstrate robust performance and remarkable computational efficiency. The results indicate that the proposed methods effectively identify the dynamic system in analysis. Furthermore, the Bayesian formulation incorporates uncertainty quantification and enhances prediction accuracy. Ship motions are predicted with good agreement with test data over a 15 encounter waves observation window. No significant accuracy degradation is noted along the test sequences, suggesting the method can support accurate and efficient maritime design and operational planning.
View on arXiv@article{palma2025_2502.15782,
title={ Model-free system identification of surface ships in waves via Hankel dynamic mode decomposition with control },
author={ Giorgio Palma and Andrea Serani and Shawn Aram and David W. Wundrow and David Drazen and Matteo Diez },
journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2502.15782},
year={ 2025 }
}