Moving Beyond Medical Exam Questions: A Clinician-Annotated Dataset of Real-World Tasks and Ambiguity in Mental Healthcare

Current medical language model (LM) benchmarks often over-simplify the complexities of day-to-day clinical practice tasks and instead rely on evaluating LMs on multiple-choice board exam questions. Thus, we present an expert-created and annotated dataset spanning five critical domains of decision-making in mental healthcare: treatment, diagnosis, documentation, monitoring, and triage. This dataset - created without any LM assistance - is designed to capture the nuanced clinical reasoning and daily ambiguities mental health practitioners encounter, reflecting the inherent complexities of care delivery that are missing from existing datasets. Almost all 203 base questions with five answer options each have had the decision-irrelevant demographic patient information removed and replaced with variables (e.g., AGE), and are available for male, female, or non-binary-coded patients. For question categories dealing with ambiguity and multiple valid answer options, we create a preference dataset with uncertainties from the expert annotations. We outline a series of intended use cases and demonstrate the usability of our dataset by evaluating eleven off-the-shelf and four mental health fine-tuned LMs on category-specific task accuracy, on the impact of patient demographic information on decision-making, and how consistently free-form responses deviate from human annotated samples.

@article{lamparth2025_2502.16051,
  title={ Moving Beyond Medical Exam Questions: A Clinician-Annotated Dataset of Real-World Tasks and Ambiguity in Mental Healthcare },
  author={ Max Lamparth and Declan Grabb and Amy Franks and Scott Gershan and Kaitlyn N. Kunstman and Aaron Lulla and Monika Drummond Roots and Manu Sharma and Aryan Shrivastava and Nina Vasan and Colleen Waickman },
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2502.16051},
  year={ 2025 }
}