An Empirical Analysis of LLMs for Countering Misinformation

While Large Language Models (LLMs) can amplify online misinformation, they also show promise in tackling misinformation. In this paper, we empirically study the capabilities of three LLMs -- ChatGPT, Gemini, and Claude -- in countering political misinformation. We implement a two-step, chain-of-thought prompting approach, where models first identify credible sources for a given claim and then generate persuasive responses. Our findings suggest that models struggle to ground their responses in real news sources, and tend to prefer citing left-leaning sources. We also observe varying degrees of response diversity among models. Our findings highlight concerns about using LLMs for fact-checking through only prompt-engineering, emphasizing the need for more robust guardrails. Our results have implications for both researchers and non-technical users.

@article{proma2025_2503.01902,
  title={ An Empirical Analysis of LLMs for Countering Misinformation },
  author={ Adiba Mahbub Proma and Neeley Pate and James Druckman and Gourab Ghoshal and Hangfeng He and Ehsan Hoque },
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2503.01902},
  year={ 2025 }
}