Learning to Negotiate via Voluntary Commitment

The partial alignment and conflict of autonomous agents lead to mixed-motive scenarios in many real-world applications. However, agents may fail to cooperate in practice even when cooperation yields a better outcome. One well known reason for this failure comes from non-credible commitments. To facilitate commitments among agents for better cooperation, we define Markov Commitment Games (MCGs), a variant of commitment games, where agents can voluntarily commit to their proposed future plans. Based on MCGs, we propose a learnable commitment protocol via policy gradients. We further propose incentive-compatible learning to accelerate convergence to equilibria with better social welfare. Experimental results in challenging mixed-motive tasks demonstrate faster empirical convergence and higher returns for our method compared with its counterparts. Our code is available atthis https URL.

@article{zhu2025_2503.03866,
  title={ Learning to Negotiate via Voluntary Commitment },
  author={ Shuhui Zhu and Baoxiang Wang and Sriram Ganapathi Subramanian and Pascal Poupart },
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2503.03866},
  year={ 2025 }
}