Image Captioning Evaluation in the Age of Multimodal LLMs: Challenges and Future Perspectives

The evaluation of machine-generated image captions is a complex and evolving challenge. With the advent of Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs), image captioning has become a core task, increasing the need for robust and reliable evaluation metrics. This survey provides a comprehensive overview of advancements in image captioning evaluation, analyzing the evolution, strengths, and limitations of existing metrics. We assess these metrics across multiple dimensions, including correlation with human judgment, ranking accuracy, and sensitivity to hallucinations. Additionally, we explore the challenges posed by the longer and more detailed captions generated by MLLMs and examine the adaptability of current metrics to these stylistic variations. Our analysis highlights some limitations of standard evaluation approaches and suggests promising directions for future research in image captioning assessment.

@article{sarto2025_2503.14604,
  title={ Image Captioning Evaluation in the Age of Multimodal LLMs: Challenges and Future Perspectives },
  author={ Sara Sarto and Marcella Cornia and Rita Cucchiara },
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2503.14604},
  year={ 2025 }
}