Function Fitting Based on Kolmogorov-Arnold Theorem and Kernel Functions

This paper proposes a unified theoretical framework based on the Kolmogorov-Arnold representation theorem and kernel methods. By analyzing the mathematical relationship among kernels, B-spline basis functions in Kolmogorov-Arnold Networks (KANs) and the inner product operation in self-attention mechanisms, we establish a kernel-based feature fitting framework that unifies the two models as linear combinations of kernel functions. Under this framework, we propose a low-rank Pseudo-Multi-Head Self-Attention module (Pseudo-MHSA), which reduces the parameter count of traditional MHSA by nearly 50\%. Furthermore, we design a Gaussian kernel multi-head self-attention variant (Gaussian-MHSA) to validate the effectiveness of nonlinear kernel functions in feature extraction. Experiments on the CIFAR-10 dataset demonstrate that Pseudo-MHSA model achieves performance comparable to the ViT model of the same dimensionality under the MAE framework and visualization analysis reveals their similarity of multi-head distribution patterns. Our code is publicly available.

@article{liu2025_2503.23038,
  title={ Function Fitting Based on Kolmogorov-Arnold Theorem and Kernel Functions },
  author={ Jianpeng Liu and Qizhi Pan },
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2503.23038},
  year={ 2025 }
}