Diffusion-model approach to flavor models: A case study for $S_4^\prime$ modular flavor model

We propose a numerical method of searching for parameters with experimental constraints in generic flavor models by utilizing diffusion models, which are classified as a type of generative artificial intelligence (generative AI). As a specific example, we consider the $S_4^\prime$ modular flavor model and construct a neural network that reproduces quark masses, the CKM matrix, and the Jarlskog invariant by treating free parameters in the flavor model as generating targets. By generating new parameters with the trained network, we find various phenomenologically interesting parameter regions where an analytical evaluation of the $S_4^\prime$ model is challenging. Additionally, we confirm that the spontaneous CP violation occurs in the $S_4^\prime$ model. The diffusion model enables an inverse problem approach, allowing the machine to provide a series of plausible model parameters from given experimental data. Moreover, it can serve as a versatile analytical tool for extracting new physical predictions from flavor models.

@article{nishimura2025_2504.00944,
  title={ Diffusion-model approach to flavor models: A case study for $S_4^\prime$ modular flavor model },
  author={ Satsuki Nishimura and Hajime Otsuka and Haruki Uchiyama },
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2504.00944},
  year={ 2025 }
}