Overcoming Vocabulary Constraints with Pixel-level Fallback

Subword tokenization requires balancing computational efficiency and vocabulary coverage, which often leads to suboptimal performance on languages and scripts not prioritized during training. We propose to augment pretrained language models with a vocabulary-free encoder that generates input embeddings from text rendered as pixels. Through experiments on English-centric language models, we demonstrate that our approach substantially improves machine translation performance and facilitates effective cross-lingual transfer, outperforming tokenizer-based methods. Furthermore, we find that pixel-based representations outperform byte-level approaches and standard vocabulary expansion. Our approach enhances the multilingual capabilities of monolingual language models without extensive retraining and reduces decoding latency via input compression.

@article{lotz2025_2504.02122,
  title={ Overcoming Vocabulary Constraints with Pixel-level Fallback },
  author={ Jonas F. Lotz and Hendra Setiawan and Stephan Peitz and Yova Kementchedjhieva },
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2504.02122},
  year={ 2025 }
}