Noise-Aware Generalization: Robustness to In-Domain Noise and Out-of-Domain Generalization

Multi-source Domain Generalization (DG) aims to improve model robustness to new distributions. However, DG methods often overlook the effect of label noise, which can confuse a model during training, reducing performance. Limited prior work has analyzed DG method's noise-robustness, typically focused on an analysis of existing methods rather than new solutions. In this paper, we investigate this underexplored space, where models are evaluated under both distribution shifts and label noise, which we refer to as Noise-Aware Generalization (NAG). A natural solution to address label noise would be to combine a Learning with Noisy Labels (LNL) method with those from DG. Many LNL methods aim to detect distribution shifts in a class's samples, i.e., they assume that distribution shifts often correspond to label noise. However, in NAG distribution shifts can be due to label noise or domain shifts, breaking the assumptions used by LNL methods. A naive solution is to make a similar assumption made by many DG methods, where we presume to have domain labels during training, enabling us to isolate the two types of shifts. However, this ignores valuable cross-domain information. Specifically, our proposed DL4ND approach improves noise detection by taking advantage of the observation that noisy samples that may appear indistinguishable within a single domain often show greater variation when compared across domains. Experiments show that DL4ND significantly improves performance across four diverse datasets, offering a promising direction for tackling NAG.

@article{wang2025_2504.02996,
  title={ Noise-Aware Generalization: Robustness to In-Domain Noise and Out-of-Domain Generalization },
  author={ Siqi Wang and Aoming Liu and Bryan A. Plummer },
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2504.02996},
  year={ 2025 }
}