Amid the recent uptake of Generative AI, sociotechnical scholars and critics have traced a multitude of resulting harms, with analyses largely focused on values and axiology (e.g., bias). While value-based analyses are crucial, we argue that ontologies -- concerning what we allow ourselves to think or talk about -- is a vital but under-recognized dimension in analyzing these systems. Proposing a need for a practice-based engagement with ontologies, we offer four orientations for considering ontologies in design: pluralism, groundedness, liveliness, and enactment. We share examples of potentialities that are opened up through these orientations across the entire LLM development pipeline by conducting two ontological analyses: examining the responses of four LLM-based chatbots in a prompting exercise, and analyzing the architecture of an LLM-based agent simulation. We conclude by sharing opportunities and limitations of working with ontologies in the design and development of sociotechnical systems.
View on arXiv@article{haghighi2025_2504.03029,
title={ Ontologies in Design: How Imagining a Tree Reveals Possibilites and Assumptions in Large Language Models },
author={ Nava Haghighi and Sunny Yu and James Landay and Daniela Rosner },
journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2504.03029},
year={ 2025 }
}