KnowsLM: A framework for evaluation of small language models for knowledge augmentation and humanised conversations

In the evolving landscape of conversational AI, generating concise, context-aware, and human-like dialogue using small and medium-sized language models (LLMs) remains a complex challenge. This study investigates the influence of LoRA rank, dataset scale, and prompt prefix design on both knowledge retention and stylistic alignment. While fine-tuning improves fluency and enables stylistic customization, its ability to integrate unseen knowledge is constrained -- particularly with smaller datasets. Conversely, RAG-augmented models, equipped to incorporate external documents at inference, demonstrated superior factual accuracy on out-of-distribution prompts, though they lacked the stylistic consistency achieved by fine-tuning. Evaluations by LLM-based judges across knowledge accuracy, conversational quality, and conciseness suggest that fine-tuning is best suited for tone adaptation, whereas RAG excels at real-time knowledge augmentation.

@article{harbola2025_2504.04569,
  title={ KnowsLM: A framework for evaluation of small language models for knowledge augmentation and humanised conversations },
  author={ Chitranshu Harbola and Anupam Purwar },
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2504.04569},
  year={ 2025 }
}