Text-to-Image Models and Their Representation of People from Different Nationalities Engaging in Activities

The primary objective of this paper is to investigate how a popular Text-to-Image (T2I) model represents people from 208 different nationalities when prompted to generate images of individuals performing typical activities. Two scenarios were developed, and images were generated based on input prompts that specified nationalities. The results show that in one scenario, the majority of images, and in the other, a substantial portion, depict individuals wearing traditional attire. This suggests that the model emphasizes such characteristics even when they are impractical for the given activity. A statistically significant relationship was observed between this representation pattern and the regions associated with the specified countries. This indicates that the issue disproportionately affects certain areas, particularly the Middle East & North Africa and Sub-Saharan Africa. A notable association with income groups was also found. CLIP was used to measure alignment scores between generated images and various prompts and captions. The findings indicate statistically significant higher scores for images featuring individuals in traditional attire in one scenario. The study also examined revised prompts (additional contextual information automatically added to the original input prompts) to assess their potential influence on how individuals are represented in the generated images, finding that the word "traditional" was commonly added to revised prompts. These findings provide valuable insights into how T2I models represent individuals from various countries and highlight potential areas for improvement in future models.

@article{alsudais2025_2504.06313,
  title={ Text-to-Image Models and Their Representation of People from Different Nationalities Engaging in Activities },
  author={ Abdulkareem Alsudais },
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2504.06313},
  year={ 2025 }
}