Ember: A Compiler for Efficient Embedding Operations on Decoupled Access-Execute Architectures

Irregular embedding lookups are a critical bottleneck in recommender models, sparse large language models, and graph learning models. In this paper, we first demonstrate that, by offloading these lookups to specialized access units, Decoupled Access-Execute (DAE) processors achieve 2.6$\times$ higher performance and 6.4$\times$ higher performance/watt than GPUs on end-to-end models. Then, we propose the Ember compiler for automatically generating optimized DAE code from PyTorch and TensorFlow. Conversely from other DAE compilers, Ember features multiple intermediate representations specifically designed for different optimization levels. In this way, Ember can implement all optimizations to match the performance of hand-written code, unlocking the full potential of DAE architectures at scale.

@article{siracusa2025_2504.09870,
  title={ Ember: A Compiler for Efficient Embedding Operations on Decoupled Access-Execute Architectures },
  author={ Marco Siracusa and Olivia Hsu and Victor Soria-Pardos and Joshua Randall and Arnaud Grasset and Eric Biscondi and Doug Joseph and Randy Allen and Fredrik Kjolstad and Miquel Moretó Planas and Adrià Armejach },
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2504.09870},
  year={ 2025 }
}