KeepKV: Eliminating Output Perturbation in KV Cache Compression for Efficient LLMs Inference

Efficient inference of large language models (LLMs) is hindered by an ever-growing key-value (KV) cache, making KV cache compression a critical research direction. Traditional methods selectively evict less important KV cache entries based on attention scores or position heuristics, which leads to information loss and hallucinations. Recently, merging-based strategies have been explored to retain more information by merging KV pairs that would be discarded; however, these existing approaches inevitably introduce inconsistencies in attention distributions before and after merging, causing output perturbation and degraded generation quality. To overcome this challenge, we propose KeepKV, a novel adaptive KV cache merging method designed to eliminate output perturbation while preserving performance under strict memory constraints. KeepKV introduces the Electoral Votes mechanism that records merging history and adaptively adjusts attention scores. Moreover, it further leverages a novel Zero Inference-Perturbation Merging methods, keeping attention consistency and compensating for attention loss resulting from cache merging. KeepKV successfully retains essential context information within a significantly compressed cache. Extensive experiments on various benchmarks and LLM architectures demonstrate that KeepKV substantially reduces memory usage, enhances inference throughput by more than 2x and keeps superior generation quality even with 10% KV cache budgets.

@article{tian2025_2504.09936,
  title={ KeepKV: Eliminating Output Perturbation in KV Cache Compression for Efficient LLMs Inference },
  author={ Yuxuan Tian and Zihan Wang and Yebo Peng and Aomufei Yuan and Zhiming Wang and Bairen Yi and Xin Liu and Yong Cui and Tong Yang },
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2504.09936},
  year={ 2025 }
}