Performance of Large Language Models in Supporting Medical Diagnosis and Treatment

The integration of Large Language Models (LLMs) into healthcare holds significant potential to enhance diagnostic accuracy and support medical treatment planning. These AI-driven systems can analyze vast datasets, assisting clinicians in identifying diseases, recommending treatments, and predicting patient outcomes. This study evaluates the performance of a range of contemporary LLMs, including both open-source and closed-source models, on the 2024 Portuguese National Exam for medical specialty access (PNA), a standardized medical knowledge assessment. Our results highlight considerable variation in accuracy and cost-effectiveness, with several models demonstrating performance exceeding human benchmarks for medical students on this specific task. We identify leading models based on a combined score of accuracy and cost, discuss the implications of reasoning methodologies like Chain-of-Thought, and underscore the potential for LLMs to function as valuable complementary tools aiding medical professionals in complex clinical decision-making.

@article{sousa2025_2504.10405,
  title={ Performance of Large Language Models in Supporting Medical Diagnosis and Treatment },
  author={ Diogo Sousa and Guilherme Barbosa and Catarina Rocha and Dulce Oliveira },
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2504.10405},
  year={ 2025 }
}