Efficient MAP Estimation of LLM Judgment Performance with Prior Transfer

LLM ensembles are widely used for LLM judges. However, how to estimate their accuracy, especially in an efficient way, is unknown. In this paper, we present a principled maximum a posteriori (MAP) framework for an economical and precise estimation of the performance of LLM ensemble judgment. We first propose a mixture of Beta-Binomial distributions to model the judgment distribution, revising from the vanilla Binomial distribution. Next, we introduce a conformal prediction-driven approach that enables adaptive stopping during iterative sampling to balance accuracy with efficiency. Furthermore, we design a prior transfer mechanism that utilizes learned distributions on open-source datasets to improve estimation on a target dataset when only scarce annotations are available. Finally, we present BetaConform, a framework that integrates our distribution assumption, adaptive stopping, and the prior transfer mechanism to deliver a theoretically guaranteed distribution estimation of LLM ensemble judgment with minimum labeled samples. BetaConform is also validated empirically. For instance, with only 10 samples from the TruthfulQA dataset, for a Llama ensembled judge, BetaConform gauges its performance with error margin as small as 3.37%.

@article{qu2025_2504.12589,
  title={ Efficient MAP Estimation of LLM Judgment Performance with Prior Transfer },
  author={ Huaizhi Qu and Inyoung Choi and Zhen Tan and Song Wang and Sukwon Yun and Qi Long and Faizan Siddiqui and Kwonjoon Lee and Tianlong Chen },
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2504.12589},
  year={ 2025 }
}