VeLU: Variance-enhanced Learning Unit for Deep Neural Networks

Activation functions are fundamental in deep neural networks and directly impact gradient flow, optimization stability, and generalization. Although ReLU remains standard because of its simplicity, it suffers from vanishing gradients and lacks adaptability. Alternatives like Swish and GELU introduce smooth transitions, but fail to dynamically adjust to input statistics. We propose VeLU, a Variance-enhanced Learning Unit as an activation function that dynamically scales based on input variance by integrating ArcTan-Sin transformations and Wasserstein-2 regularization, effectively mitigating covariate shifts and stabilizing optimization. Extensive experiments on ViT_B16, VGG19, ResNet50, DenseNet121, MobileNetV2, and EfficientNetB3 confirm VeLU's superiority over ReLU, ReLU6, Swish, and GELU on six vision benchmarks. The codes of VeLU are publicly available on GitHub.

@article{shakarami2025_2504.15051,
  title={ VeLU: Variance-enhanced Learning Unit for Deep Neural Networks },
  author={ Ashkan Shakarami and Yousef Yeganeh and Azade Farshad and Lorenzo Nicolè and Stefano Ghidoni and Nassir Navab },
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2504.15051},
  year={ 2025 }
}