Trends in AI Supercomputers

Frontier AI development relies on powerful AI supercomputers, yet analysis of these systems is limited. We create a dataset of 500 AI supercomputers from 2019 to 2025 and analyze key trends in performance, power needs, hardware cost, ownership, and global distribution. We find that the computational performance of AI supercomputers has doubled every nine months, while hardware acquisition cost and power needs both doubled every year. The leading system in March 2025, xAI's Colossus, used 200,000 AI chips, had a hardware cost of \$7B, and required 300 MW of power, as much as 250,000 households. As AI supercomputers evolved from tools for science to industrial machines, companies rapidly expanded their share of total AI supercomputer performance, while the share of governments and academia diminished. Globally, the United States accounts for about 75$2\times10^{22} 16-bit FLOP/s, use two million AI chips, have a hardware cost of \200 billion, and require 9 GW of power. Our analysis provides visibility into the AI supercomputer landscape, allowing policymakers to assess key AI trends like resource needs, ownership, and national competitiveness.

@article{pilz2025_2504.16026,
  title={ Trends in AI Supercomputers },
  author={ Konstantin F. Pilz and James Sanders and Robi Rahman and Lennart Heim },
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2504.16026},
  year={ 2025 }
}