LangVAE and LangSpace: Building and Probing for Language Model VAEs

We present LangVAE, a novel framework for modular construction of variational autoencoders (VAEs) on top of pre-trained large language models (LLMs). Such language model VAEs can encode the knowledge of their pre-trained components into more compact and semantically disentangled representations. The representations obtained in this way can be analysed with the LangVAE companion framework: LangSpace, which implements a collection of probing methods, such as vector traversal and interpolation, disentanglement measures, and cluster visualisations. LangVAE and LangSpace offer a flexible, efficient and scalable way of building and analysing textual representations, with simple integration for models available on the HuggingFace Hub. Additionally, we conducted a set of experiments with different encoder and decoder combinations, as well as annotated inputs, revealing a wide range of interactions across architectural families and sizes w.r.t. generalisation and disentanglement. Our findings demonstrate a promising framework for systematising the experimentation and understanding of textual representations.

@article{carvalho2025_2505.00004,
  title={ LangVAE and LangSpace: Building and Probing for Language Model VAEs },
  author={ Danilo S. Carvalho and Yingji Zhang and Harriet Unsworth and André Freitas },
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2505.00004},
  year={ 2025 }
}