We introduce a novel approach for calibrating uncertainty quantification (UQ) tailored for multi-modal large language models (LLMs). Existing state-of-the-art UQ methods rely on consistency among multiple responses generated by the LLM on an input query under diverse settings. However, these approaches often report higher confidence in scenarios where the LLM is consistently incorrect. This leads to a poorly calibrated confidence with respect to accuracy. To address this, we leverage cross-modal consistency in addition to self-consistency to improve the calibration of the multi-modal models. Specifically, we ground the textual responses to the visual inputs. The confidence from the grounding model is used to calibrate the overall confidence. Given that using a grounding model adds its own uncertainty in the pipeline, we apply temperature scaling - a widely accepted parametric calibration technique - to calibrate the grounding model's confidence in the accuracy of generated responses. We evaluate the proposed approach across multiple multi-modal tasks, such as medical question answering (Slake) and visual question answering (VQAv2), considering multi-modal models such as LLaVA-Med and LLaVA. The experiments demonstrate that the proposed framework achieves significantly improved calibration on both tasks.
View on arXiv@article{padhi2025_2505.03788,
title={ Calibrating Uncertainty Quantification of Multi-Modal LLMs using Grounding },
author={ Trilok Padhi and Ramneet Kaur and Adam D. Cobb and Manoj Acharya and Anirban Roy and Colin Samplawski and Brian Matejek and Alexander M. Berenbeim and Nathaniel D. Bastian and Susmit Jha },
journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2505.03788},
year={ 2025 }
}