Position: Foundation Models Need Digital Twin Representations

Current foundation models (FMs) rely on token representations that directly fragment continuous real-world multimodal data into discrete tokens. They limit FMs to learning real-world knowledge and relationships purely through statistical correlation rather than leveraging explicit domain knowledge. Consequently, current FMs struggle with maintaining semantic coherence across modalities, capturing fine-grained spatial-temporal dynamics, and performing causal reasoning. These limitations cannot be overcome by simply scaling up model size or expanding datasets. This position paper argues that the machine learning community should consider digital twin (DT) representations, which are outcome-driven digital representations that serve as building blocks for creating virtual replicas of physical processes, as an alternative to the token representation for building FMs. Finally, we discuss how DT representations can address these challenges by providing physically grounded representations that explicitly encode domain knowledge and preserve the continuous nature of real-world processes.

@article{shen2025_2505.03798,
  title={ Position: Foundation Models Need Digital Twin Representations },
  author={ Yiqing Shen and Hao Ding and Lalithkumar Seenivasan and Tianmin Shu and Mathias Unberath },
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2505.03798},
  year={ 2025 }
}