Towards Artificial General or Personalized Intelligence? A Survey on Foundation Models for Personalized Federated Intelligence

The rise of large language models (LLMs), such as ChatGPT, DeepSeek, and Grok-3, has reshaped the artificial intelligence landscape. As prominent examples of foundational models (FMs) built on LLMs, these models exhibit remarkable capabilities in generating human-like content, bringing us closer to achieving artificial general intelligence (AGI). However, their large-scale nature, sensitivity to privacy concerns, and substantial computational demands present significant challenges to personalized customization for end users. To bridge this gap, this paper presents the vision of artificial personalized intelligence (API), focusing on adapting these powerful models to meet the specific needs and preferences of users while maintaining privacy and efficiency. Specifically, this paper proposes personalized federated intelligence (PFI), which integrates the privacy-preserving advantages of federated learning (FL) with the zero-shot generalization capabilities of FMs, enabling personalized, efficient, and privacy-protective deployment at the edge. We first review recent advances in both FL and FMs, and discuss the potential of leveraging FMs to enhance federated systems. We then present the key motivations behind realizing PFI and explore promising opportunities in this space, including efficient PFI, trustworthy PFI, and PFI empowered by retrieval-augmented generation (RAG). Finally, we outline key challenges and future research directions for deploying FM-powered FL systems at the edge with improved personalization, computational efficiency, and privacy guarantees. Overall, this survey aims to lay the groundwork for the development of API as a complement to AGI, with a particular focus on PFI as a key enabling technique.

@article{qiao2025_2505.06907,
  title={ Towards Artificial General or Personalized Intelligence? A Survey on Foundation Models for Personalized Federated Intelligence },
  author={ Yu Qiao and Huy Q. Le and Avi Deb Raha and Phuong-Nam Tran and Apurba Adhikary and Mengchun Zhang and Loc X. Nguyen and Eui-Nam Huh and Dusit Niyato and Choong Seon Hong },
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2505.06907},
  year={ 2025 }
}