Equilibrium Distribution for t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding with Generalized Kernels

T-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE) is a well-known algorithm for visualizing high-dimensional data by finding low-dimensional representations. In this paper, we study the convergence of t-SNE with generalized kernels and extend the results of Auffinger and Fletcher in 2023. Our work starts by giving a concrete formulation of generalized input and output kernels. Then we prove that under certain conditions, the t-SNE algorithm converges to an equilibrium distribution for a wide range of input and output kernels as the number of data points diverges.

@article{gu2025_2505.24311,
  title={ Equilibrium Distribution for t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding with Generalized Kernels },
  author={ Yi Gu },
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2505.24311},
  year={ 2025 }
}