Probing Evaluation Awareness of Language Models

Language models can distinguish between testing and deployment phases -- a capability known as evaluation awareness. This has significant safety and policy implications, potentially undermining the reliability of evaluations that are central to AI governance frameworks and voluntary industry commitments. In this paper, we study evaluation awareness in Llama-3.3-70B-Instruct. We show that linear probes can separate real-world evaluation and deployment prompts, suggesting that current models internally represent this distinction. We also find that current safety evaluations are correctly classified by the probes, suggesting that they already appear artificial or inauthentic to models. Our findings underscore the importance of ensuring trustworthy evaluations and understanding deceptive capabilities. More broadly, our work showcases how model internals may be leveraged to support blackbox methods in safety audits, especially for future models more competent at evaluation awareness and deception.

@article{nguyen2025_2507.01786,
  title={ Probing Evaluation Awareness of Language Models },
  author={ Jord Nguyen and Khiem Hoang and Carlo Leonardo Attubato and Felix Hofstätter },
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2507.01786},
  year={ 2025 }
}