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On the rankability of visual embeddings

4 July 2025
Ankit Sonthalia
Arnas Uselis
Seong Joon Oh
    VLM
ArXiv (abs)PDFHTML
Main:9 Pages
2 Figures
Bibliography:5 Pages
20 Tables
Appendix:7 Pages
Abstract

We study whether visual embedding models capture continuous, ordinal attributes along linear directions, which we term _rank axes_. We define a model as _rankable_ for an attribute if projecting embeddings onto such an axis preserves the attribute's order. Across 7 popular encoders and 9 datasets with attributes like age, crowd count, head pose, aesthetics, and recency, we find that many embeddings are inherently rankable. Surprisingly, a small number of samples, or even just two extreme examples, often suffice to recover meaningful rank axes, without full-scale supervision. These findings open up new use cases for image ranking in vector databases and motivate further study into the structure and learning of rankable embeddings. Our code is available atthis https URL.

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