ResearchTrend.AI
  • Communities
  • Connect sessions
  • AI calendar
  • Organizations
  • Join Slack
  • Contact Sales
Papers
Communities
Social Events
Terms and Conditions
Pricing
Contact Sales
Parameter LabParameter LabTwitterGitHubLinkedInBlueskyYoutube

© 2026 ResearchTrend.AI, All rights reserved.

  1. Home
  2. Papers
  3. 2511.01706
128
0

Multi-Step Knowledge Interaction Analysis via Rank-2 Subspace Disentanglement

3 November 2025
Sekh Mainul Islam
Pepa Atanasova
Isabelle Augenstein
ArXiv (abs)PDFHTMLHuggingFace (2 upvotes)
Main:8 Pages
18 Figures
Bibliography:5 Pages
1 Tables
Appendix:4 Pages
Abstract

Natural Language Explanations (NLEs) describe how Large Language Models (LLMs) make decisions, drawing on both external Context Knowledge (CK) and Parametric Knowledge (PK) stored in model weights. Understanding their interaction is key to assessing the grounding of NLEs, yet it remains underexplored. Prior work has largely examined only single-step generation, typically the final answer, and has modelled PK and CK interaction only as a binary choice in a rank-1 subspace. This overlooks richer forms of interaction, such as complementary or supportive knowledge. We propose a novel rank-2 projection subspace that disentangles PK and CK contributions more accurately and use it for the first multi-step analysis of knowledge interactions across longer NLE sequences. Experiments on four QA datasets and three open-weight instruction-tuned LLMs show that diverse knowledge interactions are poorly represented in a rank-1 subspace but are effectively captured in our rank-2 formulation. Our multi-step analysis reveals that hallucinated NLEs align strongly with the PK direction, context-faithful ones balance PK and CK, and Chain-of-Thought prompting for NLEs shifts generated NLEs toward CK by reducing PK reliance. This work provides the first framework for systematic studies of multi-step knowledge interactions in LLMs through a richer rank-2 subspace disentanglement. Code and data:this https URL.

View on arXiv
Comments on this paper