Smoothing Out Hallucinations: Mitigating LLM Hallucination with Smoothed Knowledge Distillation

Large language models (LLMs) often suffer from hallucination, generating factually incorrect or ungrounded content, which limits their reliability in high-stakes applications. A key factor contributing to hallucination is the use of hard labels during training, which enforce deterministic supervision, encourage overconfidence, and disregard the uncertainty inherent in natural language. To address this, we propose mitigating hallucination through knowledge distillation (KD), where a teacher model provides smoothed soft labels to a student model, reducing overconfidence and improving factual grounding. We apply KD during supervised finetuning on instructional data, evaluating its effectiveness across LLMs from different families. Experimental results on summarization benchmarks demonstrate that KD reduces hallucination compared to standard finetuning while preserving performance on general NLP tasks. These findings highlight KD as a promising approach for mitigating hallucination in LLMs and improving model reliability.

@article{nguyen2025_2502.11306,
  title={ Smoothing Out Hallucinations: Mitigating LLM Hallucination with Smoothed Knowledge Distillation },
  author={ Hieu Nguyen and Zihao He and Shoumik Atul Gandre and Ujjwal Pasupulety and Sharanya Kumari Shivakumar and Kristina Lerman },
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2502.11306},
  year={ 2025 }
}