Cryptologic Techniques and Associated Risks in Public and Private Security. An Italian and European Union Perspective with an Overview of the Current Legal Framework

This article examines the evolution of cryptologic techniques and their implications for public and private security, focusing on the Italian and EU legal frameworks. It explores the roles of cryptography, steganography, and quantum technologies in countering cybersecurity threats, emphasising the need for robust legislation to address emerging challenges. Special attention is given to Italy's legislative reforms, including Law No. 90 of 2024, which strengthens penalties for cybercrimes and establishes the National Cryptography Centre within the Italian National Cybersecurity Agency. Additionally, the article highlights international initiatives, such as the UN's draft convention on cybercrime, emphasising the balance between security, privacy, and fundamental human rights in a post-quantum era.