Watermarking Language Models

WaLM

Dedicated to the study of techniques for embedding digital watermarks in the outputs of language models to ensure authenticity and traceability of generated content.

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WaterSearch: A Quality-Aware Search-based Watermarking Framework for Large Language Models Yukang Lin Jiahao Shao Shuoran Jiang Wentao Zhu Bingjie Lu Xiangping Wu Joanna Siebert Qingcai Chen WaLM 44 0 0 30 Nov 2025
RegionMarker: A Region-Triggered Semantic Watermarking Framework for Embedding-as-a-Service Copyright Protection Shufan Yang Zifeng Cheng Zhiwei Jiang Yafeng Yin Cong Wang Shiping Ge Yuchen Fu Qing Gu WaLM 141 0 0 17 Nov 2025
Adaptive Testing for Segmenting Watermarked Texts From Language Models Xingchi Li Xiaochi Liu Guanxun Li WaLM 231 0 0 10 Nov 2025
PRO: Enabling Precise and Robust Text Watermark for Open-Source LLMs Jiaqi Xue Yifei Zhao Mansour Al Ghanim Shangqian Gao Ruimin Sun Qian Lou Mengxin Zheng WaLM 180 0 0 27 Oct 2025
Cross-Lingual Summarization as a Black-Box Watermark Removal Attack Gokul Ganesan AAML WaLM 306 0 0 27 Oct 2025
Optimal Detection for Language Watermarks with Pseudorandom Collision Trevor Cai Xiang Li Q. Long Weijie J. Su Garrett Wen WaLM 161 0 0 24 Oct 2025
Is Multilingual LLM Watermarking Truly Multilingual? A Simple Back-Translation Solution Asim Mohamed Martin Gubri WaLM 159 0 2 20 Oct 2025
Watermark Robustness and Radioactivity May Be at Odds in Federated Learning Leixu Huang Zedian Shao Teodora Baluta WaLM 117 0 0 19 Oct 2025
EditMark: Watermarking Large Language Models based on Model Editing Shuai Li Kejiang Chen Jun Jiang Jie Zhang Qiyi Yao K. Zeng W. Zhang N. Yu WaLM KELM 125 0 0 18 Oct 2025
Large Language Models Are Effective Code Watermarkers Rui Xu Jiawei Chen Z. Yin Cong Kong Xinpeng Zhang WaLM 109 0 0 13 Oct 2025
SimKey: A Semantically Aware Key Module for Watermarking Language Models Shingo Kodama Haya Diwan Lucas Rosenblatt R. T. Witter Niv Cohen WaLM 254 0 0 11 Oct 2025
Data Provenance Auditing of Fine-Tuned Large Language Models with a Text-Preserving Technique Yanming Li Seifeddine Ghozzi Cédric Eichler Nicolas Anciaux Alexandra Bensamoun Lorena Gonzalez-Manzano WaLM 144 0 0 07 Oct 2025
On the Empirical Power of Goodness-of-Fit Tests in Watermark Detection Weiqing He Xiang Li Tianqi Shang Li Shen Weijie J. Su Q. Long WaLM 161 0 0 04 Oct 2025
Leave No TRACE: Black-box Detection of Copyrighted Dataset Usage in Large Language Models via Watermarking Jingqi Zhang Ruibo Chen Yingqing Yang Peihua Mai Heng Huang Yan Pang WaLM 104 1 0 03 Oct 2025
An Ensemble Framework for Unbiased Language Model Watermarking Yihan Wu Ruibo Chen Georgios Milis Tianyi Zhou WaLM 119 1 0 28 Sep 2025
Analyzing and Evaluating Unbiased Language Model Watermark Yihan Wu Xuehao Cui Ruibo Chen Tianyi Zhou WaLM 92 1 0 28 Sep 2025
CATMark: A Context-Aware Thresholding Framework for Robust Cross-Task Watermarking in Large Language Models Yu Zhang Shuliang Liu Xu Yang Xuming Hu WaLM 132 0 0 27 Sep 2025
LLM Watermark Evasion via Bias Inversion Jeongyeon Hwang Sangdon Park Jungseul Ok WaLM 215 0 0 27 Sep 2025
Character-Level Perturbations Disrupt LLM Watermarks Zhaoxi Zhang Xiaomei Zhang Y. Zhang He Zhang Shirui Pan B. Liu Asif Q. Gill Leo Yu Zhang AAML WaLM 280 1 0 11 Sep 2025
The Coding Limits of Robust Watermarking for Generative ModelsIACR Cryptology ePrint Archive (IACR ePrint), 2025 Danilo Francati Yevin Nikhel Goonatilake Shubham Pawar Daniele Venturi G. Ateniese WaLM 125 0 0 11 Sep 2025
Factuality Beyond Coherence: Evaluating LLM Watermarking Methods for Medical Texts Rochana Prih Hastuti R. Rajagede Mansour Al Ghanim Mengxin Zheng Qian Lou WaLM HILM 195 1 0 09 Sep 2025
Addressing Tokenization Inconsistency in Steganography and Watermarking Based on Large Language Models Ruiyi Yan Yugo Murawaki WaLM 104 0 0 28 Aug 2025
Improving Detection of Watermarked Language Models Dara Bahri John Wieting WaLM 158 0 0 18 Aug 2025
Optimizing Token Choice for Code Watermarking: An RL Approach Zhimeng Guo Huaisheng Zhu Siyuan Xu Hangfan Zhang Teng Xiao Minhao Cheng WaLM 354 1 0 16 Aug 2025
Copyright Protection for Large Language Models: A Survey of Methods, Challenges, and Trends Zhenhua Xu Xubin Yue Zhebo Wang Qichen Liu Xixiang Zhao ... Wenjun Zeng Wengpeng Xing Dezhang Kong C. D. Lin Meng Han AILaw WaLM 150 6 0 15 Aug 2025
SAEMark: Multi-bit LLM Watermarking with Inference-Time Scaling Zhuohao Yu Xingru Jiang Weizheng Gu Yidong Wang Shikun Zhang Wei Ye WaLM 129 1 0 11 Aug 2025
Signature vs. Substance: Evaluating the Balance of Adversarial Resistance and Linguistic Quality in Watermarking Large Language Models William Guo Adaku Uchendu Ana Smith WaLM 148 0 0 11 Aug 2025
Majority Bit-Aware Watermarking For Large Language Models Jiahao Xu Rui Hu Zikai Zhang WaLM 98 1 0 05 Aug 2025
VLA-Mark: A cross modal watermark for large vision-language alignment model Shuliang Liu Qi Zheng Jesse Jiaxi Xu Yibo Yan Junyan Zhang ... Aiwei Liu Peijie Jiang Jia Liu Yik-Cheung Tam Xuming Hu WaLM VLM 171 2 0 18 Jul 2025
Invariant-based Robust Weights Watermark for Large Language Models Qingxiao Guo Xinjie Zhu Yilong Ma Hui Jin Yunhao Wang Weifeng Zhang Xiaobing Guo WaLM 66 1 0 11 Jul 2025
Disappearing Ink: Obfuscation Breaks N-gram Code Watermarks in Theory and Practice Gehao Zhang Eugene Bagdasarian Juan Zhai Shiqing Ma WaLM 85 0 0 07 Jul 2025
Temperature Matters: Enhancing Watermark Robustness Against Paraphrasing Attacks Badr Youbi Idrissi Monica Millunzi Amelia Sorrenti Lorenzo Baraldi Daryna Dementieva WaLM 97 3 0 27 Jun 2025
Optimal Estimation of Watermark Proportions in Hybrid AI-Human Texts Xiang Li Garrett Wen Weiqing He Jiayuan Wu Qi Long Weijie J. Su WaLM 99 1 0 27 Jun 2025
Multi-use LLM Watermarking and the False Detection Problem Zihao Fu Chris Russell WaLM 147 0 0 19 Jun 2025
BiMark: Unbiased Multilayer Watermarking for Large Language Models Xiaoyan Feng He Zhang Yanjun Zhang Leo Yu Zhang Shirui Pan OffRL WaLM 174 3 0 19 Jun 2025
A Nested Watermark for Large Language Models Koichi Nagatsuka Terufumi Morishita Yasuhiro Sogawa WaLM 89 0 0 18 Jun 2025
LexiMark: Robust Watermarking via Lexical Substitutions to Enhance Membership Verification of an LLM's Textual Training Data Eyal German Sagiv Antebi Edan Habler A. Shabtai Yuval Elovici WaLM 118 1 0 17 Jun 2025
Watermarking LLM-Generated Datasets in Downstream Tasks Y. Liu Tianshuo Cong Michael Backes Zheng Li Yang Zhang WaLM 175 0 0 16 Jun 2025
HeavyWater and SimplexWater: Watermarking Low-Entropy Text Distributions Dor Tsur Carol Xuan Long C. M. Verdun Hsiang Hsu Chen Haim Permuter Sajani Vithana Flavio du Pin Calmon WaLM 158 0 0 06 Jun 2025
StealthInk: A Multi-bit and Stealthy Watermark for Large Language Models Ya Jiang Chuxiong Wu Massieh Kordi Boroujeny Brian L. Mark Kai Zeng WaLM 139 1 0 05 Jun 2025
Watermarking Degrades Alignment in Language Models: Analysis and Mitigation Apurv Verma Nhathai Phan Shubhendu Trivedi WaLM 195 0 0 04 Jun 2025
The Feasibility of Topic-Based Watermarking on Academic Peer Reviews Alexander Nemecek Yuzhou Jiang Erman Ayday WaLM 181 3 0 27 May 2025
In-Context Watermarks for Large Language Models Yepeng Liu Xuandong Zhao Christopher Kruegel Dawn Song Yuheng Bu WaLM 225 5 0 22 May 2025
LLM Fingerprinting via Semantically Conditioned Watermarks Thibaud Gloaguen Robin Staab Nikola Jovanović Martin Vechev WaLM 263 4 0 22 May 2025
MorphMark: Flexible Adaptive Watermarking for Large Language ModelsAnnual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL), 2025 Zongqi Wang Tianle Gu Baoyuan Wu Yujiu Yang WaLM 245 4 0 14 May 2025
Optimized Couplings for Watermarking Large Language ModelsInternational Symposium on Information Theory (ISIT), 2025 Dor Tsur Carol Xuan Long C. M. Verdun Hsiang Hsu Haim Permuter Flavio du Pin Calmon WaLM 291 1 0 13 May 2025
Sandcastles in the Storm: Revisiting the (Im)possibility of Strong WatermarkingAnnual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL), 2025 Fabrice Harel-Canada Boran Erol Connor Choi J. Liu Gary Jiarui Song Nanyun Peng Amit Sahai WaLM 186 0 0 11 May 2025
Revealing Weaknesses in Text Watermarking Through Self-Information Rewrite Attacks Yixin Cheng Hongcheng Guo Yangming Li Leonid Sigal AAML WaLM 445 4 0 08 May 2025
An End-to-End Model For Logits Based Large Language Models Watermarking Kahim Wong Jicheng Zhou Jiantao Zhou Yain-Whar Si WaLM 275 2 0 05 May 2025
LLM Watermarking Using Mixtures and Statistical-to-Computational Gaps Pedro Abdalla Roman Vershynin WaLM 260 0 0 02 May 2025

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